Practices of the self and pro-environmental behavior in ecovillages: ethnographic study in Brazil and Switzerland / Práticas de si e comportamento pró-ambiental em ecovilas: estudo etnográfico no Brasil e Suíça / Prácticas de si y comportamiento proambiental en ecoaldeas: estudio etnográfico en Brasil y Suiza

This article aims to analyze the relationship between practices of the self and pro-environmental behavior in the daily life of ecovillages. We rely on Foucault's notion of practices of the self to understand the changes in the behavior of the inhabitants of ecovillages regarding the environment. We made participant observations in two ecovillages in Switzerland and one in Brazil. The analyses show that the presence or absence of practices of the self in each ecovillage led to different pro-environmental subjectivation: passive-structural, active-individual, and active-structural. From these different positions, each community achieved different degrees of preservation of the environment. The results provide evidence that practices of the self are relevant factors for the inhabitants of ecovillages to develop pro-environmental behaviors.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre as práticas de si e o comportamento pró-ambiental no cotidiano de ecovilas. Nos apoiamos na noção de Foucault de práticas de si para compreender as mudanças no comportamento dos habitantes das ecovilas em relação ao meio ambiente. Fizemos observações participantes em duas ecovilas na Suíça e uma no Brasil. As análises mostram que a presença ou ausência de práticas de si em cada ecovila levou a diferentes subjetivações pró-ambientais: passivo-estrutural, ativo-individual e ativo-estrutural. A partir dessas diferentes posições, cada comunidade alcançou diferentes graus de preservação do meio ambiente. Os resultados fornecem evidências de que as práticas de si são fatores relevantes para que os habitantes das ecovilas desenvolvam comportamentos pró-ambientais.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre las prácticas de sí y el comportamiento proambiental en la vida diaria de las ecoaldeas. Nos basamos en la noción de prácticas de sí de Foucault para comprender los cambios en el comportamiento de los habitantes de las ecoaldeas con respecto al medio ambiente. Hicimos observaciones de los participantes en dos ecoaldeas de Suiza y una de Brasil. Los análisis muestran que la presencia o ausencia de prácticas de sí en cada ecoaldea dio lugar a una subjetivación proambiental diferente: pasivo-estructural, activo-individual y activo-estructural. Desde estas diferentes posiciones, cada comunidad logró diferentes grados de preservación del medio ambiente. Los resultados proporcionan evidencia de que las prácticas de sí son factores relevantes para que los habitantes de las ecoaldeas desarrollen comportamientos proambientales.

Challenges and experiences of young medical specialists in establishing private clinical practice

Background@#The field of medicine is constantly changing. Notable changes occur in the patterns of clinical practice, business of medicine, shift in demographics/generation of the health care workforce, emergence of sub-specialization; and advances in research and technology. These changes can affect the way young physicians establish their practice and this is an area not addressed by the medical education and training. @*Purpose@#There is little data in the literature regarding the experience of young physicians in establishing clinical practice. This study was undertaken to answer the central question: Among physicians in the field of Internal Medicine with or without subspecialty who graduated from training in 2013 to 2018, what were the issues and challenges that they faced as they established their clinical practice in the urban or mixed setting?@*Methodology@#Qualitative research-case study; Key informant interview was conducted among junior Internal Medicine consultants who satisfied the inclusion criteria. Data analysis used thematic analysis consisting of reading, writing notes, describing, and classifying transcripts according to categories and themes. @*Results@#After a comprehensive analysis of narratives, five emergent themes surfaced: “Tough Days” (Period of figuring out the system; Need for Self-introduction; Few patients and Feelings of frustration and depression); “Torn and Divided” (Unpredictable work schedule and workload; Lack of time for issues outside career); “Temporary Debt” (Large start-up cost; Expensive maintenance); “Difficult but Tolerable” (Family support; Call-a-colleague; Debt of gratitude to mentors) and lastly “Dreams and To-do’s”. @*Conclusions@#Our respondents have experienced substantial challenges in starting clinical practice. Learning the ways of the healthcare business, effectively promoting oneself to the community, dealing with the emotional turmoil of having few patients, coming up with a strategic schedule and area of practice, and looking for funds and paying it back, were the challenges and experiences of these young medical specialists as they establish their careers in the urban and/or rural setting.

Perceived self-efficacy and breast self-examination in women from Monteria (Colombia) / Autoeficacia percibida y autoexamen de mamas en mujeres de Montería (Colombia) / Auto-eficácia percebida e auto-exame da mama nas mulheres em Montería (Colômbia)

Introduction: The breast self-examination practice can be influenced by perceived self-efficacy. This individual characteristic, defined as confidence in one's abilities to achieve a goal, can positively help women develop health-promoting behaviors that lead them to carry out routine and regular practices for the early detection of breast cancer. Objective: To determine the level of perceived self-efficacy and its relationship to the adequate practice of BSE in women over 20 years of age in Montería, Colombia. Materials and methods: Analytical study, with 867 women aged 20 years or older, selected by multi-stage random sampling. A sociodemographic survey was used for data collection, the overall self-efficacy scale and a questionnaire to measure the BSE practice. The data was stored in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and processed in SPSSS version 24. Results: 867 women participated, with a mean age 36.2 years (SD = 13.0). 72.6% (629) did a BSE. Only 2% (20) of the participants practice it adequately. The BSE practice was greater in women with a higher level of self-efficacy (86.2%). Conclusions: In Montería, women over 20 years of age practice BSE inappropriately, which contrasts with a high level of self-efficacy. This factor is essential to improve health care practices and conduct them on a regular basis.

Introducción: La práctica del autoexamen de mamas puede estar influida por la autoeficacia percibida. Esta característica individual, definida como la confianza en las propias capacidades para alcanzar una meta, puede ayudar de forma positiva a que las mujeres desarrollen conductas promotoras de salud y realicen prácticas de cuidado rutinarias y regulares para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de autoeficacia percibida y su relación con la práctica adecuada del AEM en mujeres mayores de 20 años de Montería (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico, con 867 mujeres mayores de 20 años, seleccionadas por muestreo aleatorio multietápico. Se utilizó una encuesta sociodemográfica para la recolección de información, la Escala de Autoeficacia General Percibida y un cuestionario para medir la práctica del AEM. Los datos se almacenaron en una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel y fueron procesados en el programa SPSSS, versión 24. Resultados: Participaron 867 mujeres, con una edad promedio 36,2 años (DE = 13,0). El 72,6% (629) se practica el AEM. Solo el 2% (20) de las participantes lo hacen de forma adecuada. La práctica del AEM fue mayor en mujeres con un mayor nivel de autoeficacia (86,2%). Conclusiones: En Montería, las mujeres de más de 20 años de edad practican de forma inadecuada el AEM, lo que contrasta con un alto nivel de autoeficacia. La autoeficacia es fundamental para mejorar la prácticas de cuidado de la salud y desarrollarlas de forma regular.

Introdução: A prática do auto-exame da mama pode ser influenciada pela percepção de auto-eficácia. Esta característica individual, definida como confiança nas próprias capacidades para atingir um ob- jetivo, pode ajudar positivamente as mulheres a desenvolver comportamentos de promoção da saúde e a envolver-se em práticas de cuidados de rotina e regulares para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama. Objetivo: Determinar o nível de auto-eficácia percebido e a sua relação com a prática adequada da AEM em mulheres com mais de 20 anos de idade em Montería (Colômbia). Materiais e métodos: Estudo analítico, com 867 mulheres com mais de 20 anos de idade, selecionadas por amostragem aleatória em várias fases. Foi utilizado um inquérito sociodemográfico para recolher informação, a Escala Geral de Auto-Eficácia Percebida e um questionário para medir a prática da AEM. Os dados foram armazenados numa folha de cálculo Microsoft Excel e processados em SPSSS, versão 24. Resultados: 867 mulheres participaram, com uma idade média de 36,2 anos (SD = 13,0). 72,6 % (629) dos participantes praticaram AEM. Apenas 2 % (20) dos participantes o fazem de forma adequa- da. A prática da AEM foi mais elevada nas mulheres com um nível superior de auto-eficácia (86,2%). Conclusões: Em Monteria, as mulheres com mais de 20 anos de idade praticam inadequadamente a AEM, o que contrasta com um elevado nível de auto-eficácia. A auto-eficácia é fundamental para melhorar as práticas de cuidados de saúde e desenvolvê-las numa base regular.

Fixed-prosthodontics in Nigerian private practice settings

Context: Private practice dentistry is predominant in Nigeria. Audits of fixed-prosthodontic practice in these settings are rare and will highlight capacity and guide training. This study aimed to assess the scope and quality of fixed-prosthodontic practice in such settings in Nigeria. Objectives: The study sought to assess: Participants' sociodemographic and their diagnostic and preoperative practices. The quality of impression making and operative technique, reviews and maintenance, temporization practices and communication with the laboratory.The range of treatments given and provision of advanced treatments. Materials and Methods: An adapted questionnaire was administered electronically on Nigerian dentists practicing fixed-prosthodontics in private practice settings. Retrieved data underwent descriptive statistics and associations were tested with the Fischer's Exact and Chi-Square tests using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. Statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. Results: A total of 100 valid responses with a male:female ratio of 2.1:1 from 16 states wereretrieved. Fifty-nine participants had only first degrees and mean experience was 14.3±9.5 years. There were 27 adequate responses with regards to range of treatments offered. Sixty-three participants practiced direct temporization. Twenty-one and 14 participants regularly practiced implantology and CAD/CAM dentistry respectively. Direct temporization was significantly associated with increasing education (X2=6.03, p=0,05) and experience (X2=13.2, p=0.03). Conclusion: Only a few Nigerian dentists in private practice gave an adequate range of treatment. Most of them prefer direct temporization. Implantology and CAD/CAM dentistry practice are improving, but are still not very common.

Email vs. instagram recruitment strategies for online survey research

Abstract In this study, we describe a method for reaching a target population (i.e., dentists practicing in Brazil) to engage in survey research using traditional e-mail invites and recruitment campaigns created on Instagram. This study addresses methodological aspects and compares respondents reached by different methods. A pre-tested questionnaire was used and participants were recruited for 10 days via a source list of email addresses and two discrete Instagram organic open campaigns. A total of 3,122 responses were collected: 509 participants were recruited by email (2.1% response rate) and 2,613 by the two Instagram campaigns (20.7% and 11.7% conversion rates), respectively. Response/min collection rates in the first 24 h ranged between 0.23 (email) and 1.09 (first campaign). In total, 98.8% of all responses were received in the first 48 h for the different recruitment strategies. There were significant differences for all demographic variables (p< 0.001) between email and Instagram respondents, except for sex (p=0.37). Instagram respondents were slightly older, had more professional experience (years in practice), and a higher graduate education level than email respondents. Moreover, most email and Instagram respondents worked in the public sector and private practice, respectively. Although both strategies could collect responses from all Brazilian regions, email responses were slightly better distributed across the five territorial areas compared to Instagram. This study provides evidence that survey recruitment of a diverse, large population sample using Instagram is feasible. However, combination of email and Instagram recruitment led to a more diverse population and improved response rates.

Resumo Neste estudo, descrevemos um método para atingir uma população-alvo (dentistas atuando no Brasil) para se engajar em pesquisa do tipo enquete (survey) utilizando convites tradicionais por e-mail e campanhas de recrutamento criadas no Instagram. Este estudo aborda aspectos metodológicos e compara as pessoas entrevistadas alcançadas por diferentes métodos. Foi utilizado um questionário pré-testado e os(as) participantes foram recrutados(as) por 10 dias por meio de uma lista de endereços de e-mail e duas campanhas abertas orgânicas independentes no Instagram. Foram coletadas 3122 respostas: 509 participantes foram recrutados(as) por e-mail (taxa de resposta 2,1%) e 2613 pelas duas campanhas do Instagram (taxas de conversão 20,7% e 11,7%), respectivamente. As taxas de coleta de resposta/min nas primeiras 24h variaram entre 0,23 (e-mail) e 1,09 (primeira campanha). No total, 98,8% das respostas foram recebidas nas primeiras 48h para as diferentes estratégias de recrutamento. Houve diferenças significativas para todas as variáveis demográficas (p<0,001) entre recrutados(as) por e-mail e Instagram, com exceção de sexo (p=0,37). As pessoas recrutadas via Instagram eram um pouco mais velhas, tinham mais experiência profissional (anos na prática) e nível de pós-graduação superior às entrevistadas por e-mail. Além disso, a maioria dos entrevistados por e-mail e Instagram trabalhava no setor público e na prática privada, respectivamente. Embora ambas estratégias tenham sido capazes de coletar respostas de todas as regiões brasileiras, as respostas por e-mail foram ligeiramente melhor distribuídas nas cinco áreas territoriais em comparação ao Instagram. Este estudo fornece evidências de que o recrutamento de uma amostra de população diversificada e grande usando o Instagram é viável. No entanto, a combinação de e-mail e Instagram no recrutamento levou a uma população mais diversificada e melhores taxas de resposta.

Radiation Safety in Emergency Medicine: Balancing the Benefits and Risks

The use of computed tomography (CT) in emergency departments has increased over several decades, as physicians increasingly depend on imaging for diagnoses. Patients and medical personnel are put at risk due to frequent exposure to and higher levels of radiation, with very little evidence of improvements in outcomes. Here, we explore why CT imaging has a tendency to be overused in emergency departments and the obstacles that medical personnel face in ensuring patient safety. The solution requires cooperation from all emergency care stakeholders as well as the continuous education of doctors on how CT scans help in particular cases.

Health care perspectives on community care

The Ministry of Health and Welfare announced a plan for community care in March 2018. Community care is a concept of social services that includes residential, welfare, and health care services, as well as direct care. It is a policy to actively prepare for an aged society. Various services must be developed for comprehensive community care. It is especially necessary to ensure that adequate resources are provided for home care and visiting care. To achieve this goal, the benefit policies of health insurance and long-term care insurance must be changed. Community service providers and infrastructure must be expanded, and a diverse professional workforce should be trained. Doctors need training and experience as team leaders, as they will be able to work with nurses, nutritionists, and social workers. It will be particularly important to operate clinics as group practices rather than as solo practices. Change is also needed in community hospitals, which must receive orientations regarding early patient discharge plans and community-centered collaboration. Hospitals should serve as health care safety nets, including short-term stays and same-day care. Regional governance is important for community care. Doctors must work with a variety of institutions, including community health centers, welfare centers, and elderly facilities. Medical professionals should prepare for and lead future social changes.

Orbital exenteration for a third eyelid gland carcinoma in a dog / 대한수의학회지

A 13-year-old neutered male Poodle dog was presented with a third eyelid mass in the left eye. The dog had undergone local resection of the mass about a year prior in a private practice. On cytological examination, the mass was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. Although lung and lymph node metastases were suspected, based upon the computed tomographic results, exenteration was performed to relieve chronic pain and to improve the dog's quality of life. Exenteration carried a good prognosis with no tumor recurrence until 1 year and 10 months after surgery, when local recurrence occurred near the left zygomatic arch.

Appendicectomy in private practice in Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa

Background. The treatment of appendicitis is regarded as a bellwether procedure that can be used to describe the delivery of essential surgical care. Little has been published on clinical outcomes in the private sector in South Africa (SA), and this study attempts to address this deficiency.Objectives. To extend our understanding of the outcomes of acute appendicitis in the public and private sectors in SA.Methods. Data on patients covered by a leading medical aid who underwent appendicectomy in 26 private hospitals in Durban and Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal Province, during the period 2010 - 2015 were obtained and compared with existing data from a recent study of patients with appendicitis treated in the Pietermaritzburg academic complex.Results. Between January 2010 and December 2015, 397 patients covered by the medical aid underwent appendicectomy in private hospitals. Their mean age was 29.7 years (range 3.7 - 87.6), the mean length of stay 4.6 days (range 1 - 41) and the mean operation time 70.6 minutes (range 24.0 - 335.0). Of the procedures 66.5% were laparoscopic. A total of 33 patients (8.3%) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and 38 (9.6%) were readmitted. While there was no information on the reasons for readmission, this is a proxy marker for possible complications. The mean total event cost per patient was ZAR38 934. A total of 134 open operations were performed (33.8%). In the state sector, a total of 1 004 patients were documented. The mean patient age was 20.2 years (difference not statistically significant), mean length of stay was significantly longer at 7.3 days (p=0.02, one-tailed t-test), and 10% of patients required ICU admission. In the state hospitals only 3% of the operations were laparoscopic. None of the private sector patients but 40% of the state patients required further surgery. Conclusions. Medical aid data provide useful information on disease profiles and outcomes in private practice. The outcome of acute appendicitis in the private sector appears to be significantly better than in the state sector. Further work is required to fully elucidate the reasons for this, although late presentation in the state patients almost certainly contributes to their poor outcome. In terms of cost, SA private practice appears to be highly efficient and is relatively inexpensive in comparison with international equivalents

Factors influencing medical specialists' dual practice in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Background: Dual practice [DP] is performing several different jobs at the same time and has effects on healthcare services delivery.

Aims: To identify the causes of medical specialists' tendency towards DP in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Methods: We used a qualitative approach to identify the factors affecting DP in medical specialists in 2016. We used a purposive and outlier sampling method to conduct semistructured deep interviews with 14 key informants. The data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection using thematic content analysis by MAXQDA [version 10.0]. Interviews continued up to data saturation. The quality of the study was ensured by addressing the criteria of Guba and Lincoln.

Results: The results of the interviews showed six themes and 16 subthemes for specialists' propensity to DP. Major themes included financial incentives, cultural attitudes about professional identity of physicians, experience and academic level of specialists, controlling approaches in the public sector, available infrastructure for responding to the population needs in the public sector, and regional characteristics of health service locations.

Conclusions: Medical specialists' DP is a multidimensional issue, influenced by different factors such as financial incentives, cultural attitudes and available infrastructure. Considering the capacities and conditions of each country, control and management of this phenomenon require regulatory and incentive mechanisms, which in the long term can modify private and public sector differences and increase the willingness of doctors to work in the public sector.

Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Greek Physiotherapists: Traditional and Emerging Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the health industry are quite common, however, there have only been a few studies regarding physiotherapists, while in Greece, there is an apparent lack of research and data. The aim of this study is to investigate MSDs experienced by physiotherapists in Greece, their causes and specific measures, and good practices followed. Additional emerging risk factors will be examined. METHODS: A questionnaire of MSDs followed by individual and workplace characteristics was completed by 252 physiotherapists. It covered the major workplace categories such as public hospitals, private rehabilitation centers, and private practices. RESULTS: Analysis indicated that 89% of the respondents had experienced a work-related MSD; 32.2% of those injuries occurred within the first 5 years of working. The most lumbered physiotherapists were those working as private practitioners and almost half of the injured respondents chose to work while injured. The most common measure taken to tackle work related MSDs was found to be physical therapy sessions. Job satisfaction and psychosocial issues were also identified as side-effects of the economic slowdown. CONCLUSION: Physiotherapists in Greece were found to suffer from MSDs; workplace musculoskeletal injuries were quite common but under-reported. The body parts most affected were the lower back, the upper back, the shoulders, and the neck. There was a strong correlation between the workplace setting and the number of MSDs. A well-defined occupational safety and health management system and strict administration steering were found to reduce MSDs. The economic slowdown experienced in Greece during the execution of this study placed additional pressure on physiotherapists.

Tooth Loss in Patients under Periodontal Maintenance in a Private Practice: A Retrospective Study

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence and causes of tooth loss in periodontal subjects from a private practice in Brazil. Two trained examiners extracted data from the records of subjects who sought periodontal treatment from 1980 to 2013. Only records of patients who completed the non-surgical periodontal treatment and had at least one visit for maintenance were included. Data were analyzed by chi-square test, Student's t-test, Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression. A total of 3,319 records were reviewed and 737 records included (58.6% women, mean age of 46.6±13.0 years at the beginning of the treatment). Maintenance period ranged from 1 to 33 years (7.4±6 years). During this period, 202 individuals (27.4%) lost 360 teeth, 47.5% of losses within the first five years (n=171). Non-compliers lost more teeth than compliers (p<0.001), respectively 211 and 149 teeth. Regarding reasons of tooth loss, 84 individuals lost 38% of the teeth from periodontal disease progression (n=137). Survival analysis showed that most patients lost only one tooth from periodontal disease, and differences in the survival rates between compliers and non-compliers were observed following the second tooth loss. Approximately one-third of tooth losses was related to periodontal disease progression, and there was stability in time of the proportion of losses from disease progression and other reasons. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that compliant patients in a private practice lose fewer teeth than do non-compliers. Among compliers, periodontal disease progression was not the main cause of tooth loss.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a incidência e causas de perda dentária em pacientes em manutenção periódica preventiva (MPP) de uma clínica privada. Dois examinadores extraíram os dados de registros de pacientes que procuraram tratamento periodontal entre 1980 a 2013. Os registros de pacientes que completaram o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico e tiveram ao menos uma visita de MPP foram incluídos. Os dados foram avaliados utilizando os testes chi-quadrado, T de Student, curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e regressão de Cox. Dos 3.319 prontuários, 737 foram incluídos (58,6% mulheres, 46,6±13,0 anos). O período de MPP variou de 1 a 33 anos (7,4±6 anos). Durante este período, 202 indivíduos (27,4%) perderam 360 dentes, 47,5% das perdas durante os primeiros 5 anos de manutenção (n=171). Indivíduos irregulares nas consultas de MPP perderam mais dentes (p<0.001) do que indivíduos com regularidade, 211 e 149 dentes respectivamente. Oitenta e quatro indivíduos perderam 38% de dentes por progressão de doença periodontal (n=137). A maioria dos indivíduos perdeu 1 dente por doença periodontal, e foram observadas diferenças na sobrevida a partir da segunda perda dentária quando comparados indivíduos regulares e irregulares na MPP. Aproximadamente um terço dos dentes perdidos estava relacionado à progressão de doença periodontal. Foi observada uma estabilidade na proporção de perdas por progressão de doença e outras razões ao longo do tempo. Desta forma, conclui-se que indivíduos com uma frequência regular de MPP perdem menos dentes e a progressão de doença nesses indivíduos não é a principal razão para perda dentária.

Descriptive analysis of mycological examination of patients with onychomycosis treated in private practice

ABSTRACT This is a retrospective study of 160 patients treated in private practice in São Paulo from March 2003 to March 2015. We analyzed 171 results of direct mycological examinations and fungal cultures from nail scrapings. The agreement between direct mycological examination results and fungal culture was satisfactory, consistent with the literature (kappa 0.603). The main agent identified was Trichophyton rubrum (51%). We observed an isolation rate of non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi superior to the literature (34%). Determining the agent is key to defining the appropriate onychomycosis treatment, and knowing the epidemiology of patients treated in private practice helps the dermatologist who works in this context.

Experiências de abortos provocados em clínicas privadas no Nordeste brasileiro / Personal experiences with induced abortions in private clinics in Northeast Brazil / Experiencias de abortos practicados en clínicas privadas del nordeste brasileño

Resumo Baseado numa investigação qualitativa desenvolvida em 2012, o artigo analisa experiências de abortos provocados de pessoas de estratos sociais médios realizados em clínicas privadas. Foram narradas 34 histórias de gravidezes interrompidas em clínicas por 19 mulheres e cinco homens, residentes em duas capitais do Nordeste brasileiro. Uma análise temática revela que existem diferentes tipos de clínicas e de atendimento prestados pelos médicos. O artigo mostra que a realização de um aborto em uma clínica privada não é garantia de um atendimento humanizado e seguro. As narrativas fornecem descrições de diversas situações e práticas, desde aquelas com algumas falhas, como a falta de informações sobre os medicamentos, até outras com abusos graves, como procedimentos realizados sem anestesia. Assim, conclui-se que a ilegalidade da prática do aborto, no Brasil, permite que as clínicas funcionem sem qualquer tipo de regulação do Estado, não impedindo que as mulheres realizem abortos, mas as expondo a situações de total vulnerabilidade e de violação dos direitos humanos.

Abstract Based on a qualitative study conducted in 2012, the article analyzes middle-class individuals' experiences with induced abortions performed in private clinics. Thirty-four stories of induced abortions were narrated by 19 women and five men living in two state capitals in Northeast Brazil. Thematic analysis revealed differences in types of clinics and care provided by the physicians. The article shows that abortion in private clinics fails to guarantee safe or humane care. The narratives furnish descriptions of diverse situations and practices, ranging from flaws such as lack of information on medicines to others involving severe abuses like procedures performed without anesthesia. The article concludes that criminalization of abortion in Brazil allows clinics to operate with no state regulation; it does not prevent women from having abortions, but exposes them to total vulnerability and violation of human rights.

Resumen En base a una investigación cualitativa, desarrollada en 2012, el artículo analiza experiencias abortivas practicadas en personas de estratos sociales medios, realizadas en clínicas privadas. 19 mujeres y cinco hombres residentes en dos capitales del nordeste brasileño narraron 34 historias de embarazo interrumpido en clínicas de estas zonas. El análisis temático revela que existen diferentes tipos de clínicas y de atención, donde ejercen su labor los médicos. El artículo muestra que la práctica de un aborto en una clínica no es garantía de una atención humanizada y segura. Las historias describen diversas situaciones y prácticas, desde aquellas con algunos fallos tales como la falta de información sobre los medicamentos, hasta otras con abusos graves como procedimientos abortivos realizados sin anestesia. Por ello, se concluye que la ilegalidad de la práctica del aborto en Brasil permite que las clínicas funcionen sin ningún tipo de regulación del Estado, lo que no impide que las mujeres realicen abortos, exponiéndolas a situaciones de total vulnerabilidad y violación de sus derechos humanos.

Single-Port Laparoscopic Solo Surgery: Technical Aspects and Personal Experience

Solo surgery is a practice in which a surgeon operates alone, without other surgical member's assistance or cooperation, except for a scrub nurse and an anesthetist. Solo surgery at our institution is facilitated by several equipment, including Lone Star Retractor systems and a passive camera holder. The introduction of single-port laparoscopic surgery (SPLS) has dramatically increased the applicability of solo surgery, because SPLS reduces the number of surgical members participating in the surgery. A shortcoming of laparoscopic surgery is the indirect way of observing and manipulating. Solo surgery effectively eliminates this limitation by enabling operator-driven manipulation of the camera. Solo surgery is particularly advantageous in surgeries that are limited to a single quadrant, such as appendectomy, cholecystectomy, and herniorrhaphy, because they require less adjustment of the camera. However, its indications can be extended to include operations that involve multiple quadrants, such as various types of colectomies including total colectomy. In addition, solo open surgery can be performed with the aid of a larger retractor (i.e., the Bookwalter Retractor system). It appears that solo surgery can be performed by any surgeon who can perform SPLS competently and its indications can be extended, possibly after the development of supporting equipment.

Brazilian young dental practitioners' use and acceptance of digital radiographic examinations

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the use and acceptance of digital radiographic examinations by Brazilian dental practitioners in daily practice and to evaluate the advances that have occurred over the past 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental practitioners enrolled in extension courses at the Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Brazil, responded to a self-administered questionnaire in the years 2011 and 2015. They were asked about sociodemographic factors and their knowledge and use of digital radiographic examinations. Descriptive analysis was performed, as well as the chi-square and Fisher exact tests, with a significance level of 5% (α=0.05). RESULTS: A total of 181 participants responded to the questionnaire in the years 2011 and 2015. Most of the respondents worked in private practice, had graduated within the last 5 years, and were between 20 and 30 years old. In 2011, 55.6% of respondents reported having ever used digital radiographic examinations, while in 2015 this number increased significantly to 85.4% (p<.0001), out of which 71.4% preferred it to conventional images. Moreover, 21.4% of respondents reported having used digital radiographic examinations for more than 3 years. A significant increase in use of intraoral digital radiography (p=0.0316) was observed in 2015. In both years, image quality and high cost were indicated, respectively, as the main advantage and disadvantage of digital radiographic examinations. CONCLUSION: This study showed that digital radiology has become more common in Brazil over the past 5 years. Most of the Brazilian dental practitioners evaluated in 2015 used digital radiographic examinations.

A survey on retention practice among orthodontists in Malaysia / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate retention practices commonly employed by orthodontists. The objectives were to identify the types of retainer frequently used and to investigate the variations in retention practice. METHODS: A total of 97 orthodontists were randomly selected, and a questionnaire consisting of 25 multiple-choice questions sent to them by mail. Upon receiving of the completed questionnaires, the data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 32 responses were received; among these, 59.4% of orthodontists' practiced is in a government setting and 40.6% were in private practice. A vacuum-formed retainer was the most commonly used removable retainer for both maxillary (46.9%) and mandibular (46.9%) arches, followed by a Hawley retainer (maxilla, 43.8%; mandible, 37.5%), and a fixed retainer (maxilla, 3.1%; mandible, 9.4%). Of the responding orthodontists, 78.1% prescribed full-time wear (more than 20 h per day) for a duration of 3-9 months for a maxillary arch, compared to 71.9% for the mandibular arch. Only 18.8% of the orthodontists prescribed part-time wear of the retainer for the maxillary arch, compared to 21.9% for the mandibular arch. The majority of orthodontists did not instruct their patients to stop wearing removable retainers (71.9%) or fixed retainers (66.8%) at any specific time and they preferred their patients to continue wearing retainers. CONCLUSIONS: Vacuum-formed retainers are the most commonly used retainers among orthodontists. The majority of orthodontists prescribed full-time wear for more than 20 h per day with a duration of 3-9 months and preferred indefinite use of the retainer.

Salud mental y derechos humanos: el caso de los seguros médicos privados / Mental health and human rights: the case of private health insurance

La salud es un derecho fundamental reconocido por la Constitución Política de Costa Rica y diversos tratados internacionales, de los cuales el Estado es parte. A pesar de lo anterior, muchos contratos de seguro médico privado excluyen (o restringen severamente) diversas condiciones médicas, entre las que se encuentran las clasificadas como psiquiátricas. Este tipo de prácticas resulta o solo estigmatizante, sino que también revela una falta de garantía de la protección integral de la salud general de las personas aseguradas. Resulta indispensable, por lo tanto, que las aseguradorasmodifiquen su postura de continuar excluyendo servicios básicos, mientras que el Estado, por su parte, debe ejercer su obligación de velar por la efectiva garantía de los derechos humanos, en particular mediante una adecuada supervisión del derecho a la salud.

Health is recognized as a fundamental right by the Political Constitution of Costa Rica and by several international treaties ratified by the State. In spite of this, many private insurance companies exclude (or heavily restrict) coverage of several medical conditions, among them, those classified as psychiatric. This type of practice is not only discriminatory, but also reveals a failure to guarantee an integral protection of people´s health. It is therefore essential that insurance companies abstain from excluding basic health services, while the State, in turn, must comply with its obligation to ensure the effective guarantee of human rights, in particular by supervising the adequate respect of the right to health.

Consultorios adyacentes a farmacias privadas en México: infraestructura y características del personal médico y su remuneración / Clinics adjacent to private pharmacies in Mexico: infrastructure and characteristics of the physicians and their remuneration

Objetivo. Analizar las características del personal médico y su remuneración, así como la infraestructura, apego a la regulación y servicios ofrecidos en consultorios adyacentes a farmacias (CAF), y compararlos con consultorios médicos independientes (CMI). Material y métodos. Cuestionario aplicado a 239 médicos generales en 18 entidades federativas, incluido el Distrito Federal, en México en 2012. Resultados. Los médicos en CAF tenían menor experiencia profesional (5 vs 12 años), menos estudios de posgrado (61.2% vs 81.8%) y menor salario base promedio mensual (MXN 5500 vs MXN 8500) que en CMI. En CAF hubo menor cumplimiento de la regulación en relación con la historia clínica y la receta médica. Conclusiones. Los aspectos laborales explorados de médicos en CAF son más precarios que en CMI. Es necesario fortalecer la aplicación de la regulación vigente para consultorios y generar políticas a partir del monitoreo de su funcionamiento, particularmente, pero no de forma exclusiva, en CAF.

Objective. To analyze and compare the physicians' characteristics, their remuneration, the compliance with regulation and the services offered between clinics adjacent to pharmacies (CAF) and independent medical clinics (CMI). Materials and methods. Questionnaire applied to 239 physicians in 18 states including the Federal District, in Mexico in 2012. Results. Physicians in CAF had less professional experience (5 versus 12 years), less postgraduate studies (61.2 versus 81.8%) and lower average monthly salaries (USD 418 versus USD 672) than their peers in CMI. In CAF there was less compliance in relation to medical record keeping and prescribing. Conclusions. The employment situation of physicians in CAF is more precarious than in CMI. It is necessary to strengthen the enforcement of existing regulations and develop policies according to the monitoring of its performance, particularly, but not exclusively, in CAF.

Association between participation and compliance with Continuing Medical Education and care production by physicians: a cross-sectional study / Associação entre participação e cumprimento de um programa de Educação Médica Continuada e produção assistencial dos médicos: estudo transversal

Objective Physician participation in Continuing Medical Education programs may be influenced by a number of factors. To evaluate the factors associated with compliance with the Continuing Medical Education requirements at a private hospital, we investigated whether physicians’ activity, measured by volumes of admissions and procedures, was associated with obtaining 40 Continuing Medical Education credits (40 hours of activities) in a 12-month cycle. Methods In an exclusive and non-mandatory Continuing Medical Education program, we collected physicians’ numbers of hospital admissions and numbers of surgical procedures performed. We also analyzed data on physicians’ time since graduation, age, and gender. Results A total of 3,809 credentialed, free-standing, private practice physicians were evaluated. Univariate analysis showed that the Continuing Medical Education requirements were more likely to be achieved by male physicians (odds ratio 1.251; p=0.009) and who had a higher number of hospital admissions (odds ratio 1.022; p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that age and number of hospital admissions were associated with achievement of the Continuing Medical Education requirements. Each hospital admission increased the chance of achieving the requirements by 0.4%. Among physicians who performed surgical procedures, multivariate analysis showed that male physicians were 1.3 time more likely to achieve the Continuing Medical Education requirements than female physicians. Each surgical procedure performed increased the chance of achieving the requirements by 1.4%. Conclusion The numbers of admissions and number of surgical procedures performed by physicians at our hospital were associated with the likelihood of meeting the Continuing Medical Education requirements. These findings help to shed new light on our Continuing Medical Education program. .

Objetivo A participação de médicos em programas de Educação Médica Continuada pode ser influenciada por inúmeros fatores. Para avaliar os fatores associados ao cumprimento dos requisitos para Educação Médica Continuada em um hospital privado, investigamos se a atividade médica, medida por volume de internações e procedimentos, esteve relacionada à obtenção de 40 créditos (40 horas-aula) em um ciclo do programa de 12 meses. Métodos Em um programa exclusivo e não obrigatório de Educação Médica Continuada, coletamos o número de admissões e de procedimentos realizados por médico. Analisamos dados como tempo de formado, idade e sexo. Resultados Foram analisados dados de 3.809 médicos credenciados e autônomos. A análise univariada mostrou que os requisitos de Educação Médica Continuada eram mais preenchidos por médicos do sexo masculino (odds ratio de 1,251; p=0,009) e que eles apresentavam números de internações mais significativos (odds ratio de 1,022; p<0,001). A análise multivariada mostrou que idade e número de admissões estiveram associados ao cumprimento das metas estabelecidas. Cada admissão aumentou a chance de atingir a meta em 0,4%. Entre os que realizaram procedimentos cirúrgicos, a análise multivariada mostrou que médicos do sexo masculino eram 1,3 vez mais propensos a atingir a meta estabelecida que seus pares do sexo feminino. Cada procedimento cirúrgico realizado elevou a chance de atingir a meta em 1,4%. Conclusão O número de admissões e de procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados por médicos em nosso hospital foi associado à probabilidade de alcançar a meta de Educação Médica Continuada. Estes achados lançaram uma nova luz sobre o nosso programa de Educação Médica Continuada. .